She Writes Press, 2020 978-1-64742-003-1 pbk 978-1-64742-004-8 ebk
Robinson’s award winning memoir tells the story of how Gabrielle Robinson found diaries her grandfather had kept while serving as doctor in Berlin 1945—only to discover that her beloved Api had been a Nazi. Moving and provocative, Api’s Berlin Diaries offers a first hand and personal perspective on the far reaching aftershocks of the Third Reich and the author’s own inconvenient past.
"...a must-read for anyone interested in the German experience during WWII and the legacy of collective guilt." Ariana Neumann, author of When Time Stopped
“a riveting account of the journey of discovery she made in order to come to terms with a much-loved grandfather whom she discovered long after his death to have been a card-carrying member of the Nazi Party.” Giles MacDonogh, British historian, author of After the Reich
“Robinson’s account of the war years, and the horrors of living in bombed-out ruins, are riveting…. Her book adds to our slowly accumulating knowledge of what the war looked like from ‘the other side,’ and takes its place beside books like W.G. Sebald’s On the Natural History of Destruction and Antony Beevor’s The Fall of Berlin 1945.” Notre Dame Review
Chapters 1 and 2
1 OH MY GOD!
I never wanted to write this memoir. As a child growing up in Germany in the 1950s, I heard a few family stories about the war, but mainly there was silence. We did not talk or ask about the recent past. We wanted to forget it. The stories I did hear merge in my imag ination with transient memories like half-remembered dreams. I see my mother and myself on a crowded railroad station platform, jos tled by hundreds of people. I am two and a half years old, wrapped in a brown double-breasted coat against the winter cold. I can’t see beyond a wall of suitcases pressing around me and more feet than I have ever noticed before. The shrieks, sobs, and shouts that fill the air scare me. I do not understand why my mother repeats constantly, sometimes shouting above the noise all around, “Don’t let go of the suitcase handle. Never let go. Keep your little hand tightly on the handle.” She herself is loaded down with luggage and has no hand free to hold on to me. It was February 6, 1945, and we were fleeing from Berlin after being bombed out of our apartment for the second time. None of us would ever live in Berlin again.
Another, much clearer memory comes from the winter after the war. We lived in one and a half rooms of a tiny farmhouse in 1 2 Gabrielle Robinson Suderburg, Lower Saxony, to which my mother, my grandmother, and I had fled. The cottage did not have indoor plumbing. I remem ber not so much the cold and hunger of that time as the delight when Farmer Ohlde, who owned the cottage, dug into the pig trough to fish out the moist morsel of a potato for me. Even better, sometimes his old mother got up from her spinning wheel to dip the potato in salt. Whenever Herr Ohlde had no handouts for me, my grandmother—I called her Nyussi, for reasons I can’t remember—took me outside. We passed the compost heap on the right and the pigs on the left to look for the beavers under the woodpile. Somehow we always just missed them. So Nyussi told me stories about their life. I can still hear her melodious, slightly accented German—she was a native Hungarian—and see her lively dark eyes as she began her story: “You see, Brielchen,” a pet name my grandfather invented, “the beavers are just beneath where we stand now, and they have warm and cozy burrows and a big larder stuffed with good things to eat.” I wondered whether they, too, enjoyed potatoes with salt. As I looked all around for the sight of a beaver, Nyussi went on: “The beavers don’t care how cold the winter gets, for they always have this cozy hideaway.” I stared at the woodpile till my eyes hurt, but I never spotted a single beaver. When I got too chilly, Nyussi took me back inside and I crawled under the table, pretending it was a beaver burrow. I loved the beavers and their adventures underground. Nyussi’s stories always delighted me and made me forget that I was hungry and cold. It was only much later, when I was in my forties, that my mother mentioned casually in a conversation that Nyussi had made up the beaver stories. There never were any beavers there at all. Even after so many years, I felt a pang of sadness and loss that has not entirely left me even now.
Apart from such snippets of memories, World War II was not part of my world and the silence about it did not bother me. When I was older, I realized that my mother, then my only surviving rela tive, did not want that subject brought up. Then, sixty years after the Api’s Berlin Diaries 3 end of the war, I made two discoveries that reawakened the past and changed everything. The first brought the past back into my world in terrifying detail, and the second opened the floodgates to a torrent of questions about my grandfather, the Nazi era, and me.
In the summer of 2005, after my mother’s death, my husband, Mike, and I vacationed in her Vienna apartment. We had returned from a hike in the hills above the city, stopping at vineyards along the way. I was pleasantly tired and just wanted to relax with a book before going to bed. As I plucked Effi Briest, my favorite Theodor Fontane novel, from high up on the bookcase, two small objects tumbled to the floor. Picking them up, I saw that they were two notebooks bound in faded green cloth with agenda stamped in gold at the top of each. Curious, I flipped through the pages. They were covered from top to bottom in penciled writing. I immediately recognized it as my grandfather’s hand.
Seeing his tiny, precise lettering after so many years brought back a flood of memories. I had spent the happiest years, all too few, of my childhood with him, until his death in 1955. Api, as I affectionately called him, took me in when my mother could not look after me any more. My father had been killed in the war, shot down over England in 1943 in his single-engine fighter plane, and my mother worked full-time in Vienna. I had been passed around and stayed with an aunt, with my paternal grandparents, and finally in an Ursuline boarding school in Vienna, where I fell ill with scarlet fever. Even though at age sixty-four he himself was struggling to rebuild an exis tence in rural northern Germany, Api gave me a loving home and, for the rest of his life, was both father and grandfather to me.
I thought of the poems he had written for me to recite and the corrections he had made to my Latin grammar. I pictured Api as I had known him, a thin and tall man with cropped white hair who walked with a slight stoop. His bright blue eyes always seemed to be laughing, and his thin lips echoed the smile in his eyes. I do not 4 Gabrielle Robinson remember that Api ever raised his voice at me in anger. He invented all sorts of affectionate names for me, calling me Gabruschken, Brielchen, his little sunshine. When we had nothing after the war, he built me a dollhouse out of matchboxes with tiny doll figures made of bits of silver paper he had saved. It even had a hospital room where I was Api’s head nurse. I was delighted when he joined Nyussi and me at teatime for “the length of a cigar,” wearing his white doctor’s coat and filling the room with his good spirits.
However much he surrounded us with laughter and play, Api was chiefly concerned with teaching me the importance of learning, and of giving my whole attention to whatever I was doing, whether it was work or play. He had been brought up in the Prussian tradition of work and discipline, and he tried to instill these values in me as well. The only time he chastised me was when I was doing nothing, wasting time, without thought or feeling. I remember one summer Sunday afternoon outside our apartment in Bevensen when I was eight or nine years old. I felt hot and lazy, and none of my friends were around. So I picked up a stick and dragged it along our dark brown slatted fence, listening to the rat-tat-tat it made against the wood. When Api saw this, he was upset. He scolded me, not for playing or for damaging the fence, but for doing something without engagement. And then he offered to build a kite with me.
Caught up in memories, I was not tired anymore. Sitting on the couch Api had bought for my mother when she got married in 1941, and which somehow had survived the war, I started to read. The diary began on April 21, 1945, in Berlin, where Api, age fifty-seven, served as a military doctor, with the rank of major. He was stationed in the central district, what the Nazis called the Citadel, near the Reichstag, the Brandenburg Gate, and Hitler’s bunker. Almost instantly, the enjoyable nostalgia of life with my grandfather was swept away by the terror he faced day by day. He lived under the howling of bombs and the heavy rain of grenade splinters. The familiar streets lay buried Api’s Berlin Diaries 5 under mountains of rubble, twisted wires, burned-out streetcars, and bomb craters. Acrid smoke and dust made it hard to breathe and transformed day into night. Together with other gray, emaciated sur vivors, many of them refugees from the East, Api tried to forge a path through this wilderness.
Without sanitation, and without water after they had drained the last drops from the heaters, he felt almost helpless to assist the wounded and dying in the medical bunker. The only light came from a few Hindenburg candles, bits of tallow in cardboard, and every one took care to scoop up and reuse every fallen drop. Over all hung the stench of decaying bodies and excrement. Unimaginable. “Just now I have been looking for spaces where one can at least have the sick sit down or lay them on the ground for the night, without doors or windows, but at least protected from rain and safe from grenade splinters, although cold without padding. Corpses lie in a chapel of the Ziegelstrasse Clinic, for the most part without clothes, men and women together in layers.”
Reading late into the night, I felt as if, years after his death in 1955, Api was there, speaking to me and helping me understand him much more intimately. I now saw him at his most desperate, when his existence had shrunk down to paralyzing anxiety, with only the slenderest ray of hope to keep him going. On almost every page I also saw his love for me, his three-year-old fatherless granddaughter, and I anxiously followed his mental and physical deterioration. Witness to daily horrors, he was driven to the point of collapse. And he felt so desperately alone, unable to communicate with us. His best company was the swifts and swallows he watched circling over the ruins. They, too, had become homeless.
Finally, long after midnight, worn out emotionally, I had to stop reading. But I resolved to translate the diaries and tell Api’s story. Of course, I was aware that my grandfather was not an important historical figure, just an ordinary German who lived in central Berlin 6 Gabrielle Robinson at a crucial time. But his experiences would, I hoped, add firsthand details to one of the most dreadful times of the twentieth century. So, when we left Vienna, I carefully wrapped up the diaries and took them with me to South Bend, Indiana, where I would have time to read and transcribe them.
Back home, I set to work immediately. Always a writer, Api had furnished an eloquent testimony of his experiences in 1945. I began to understand how his diary was an attempt to cope with the horror of war and a refuge in the maelstrom of chaos and death. It served as a lifeline to a saner and more humane existence, a world that was all but lost. He clung to the hope that at some happier time in the future we would be able to read these notes, “although,” he admitted, “they are paltry in relation to the shocking force of my inner experiences.”
I followed the days and weeks of Api’s nightmare. The war finally ended on May 9, but his situation did not improve. The Soviets took over central Berlin, and the misery, fear, and starvation continued. They who had suffered so much at the hands of the Germans and who themselves were destitute plundered and raped their way through the ruin of a city. It was at this point, even more than during the inferno of the war, that Api was at his most desolate. Even his faith, which had always been strong, deserted him, and he contemplated suicide. He was not alone in this despair. It got so bad that the newly installed gas lines in a suburb east of Tempelhof Airport had to be shut down again because too many people used the gas to kill themselves. According to historian Ian Kershaw, 3,881 people committed suicide in Berlin in April and May 1945.
As I worked my way through the diaries, an abbreviation appeared more and more frequently. It was two letters: Pg. I recalled dimly that this might—no, must—mean Parteigenossen, party members. Surely not my grandfather? And then I made my second discovery. Api had been a Pg, a member of the Nazi Party, the National Socialist German Workers’ Api’s Berlin Diaries 7 Party. I had not known this. It had never been mentioned in my family. I sat there with a pounding heart, saying to myself over and over in the crudest and most shocking terms, “Oh my God, Api was a Nazi!”
2 YOU MADE SOAP OUT OF MY AUNT
I could not go on. In tears, I could not talk about it, not even with my husband, Mike, or my son, Benedict. I hid the green notebooks again, burying them deep in the bottom drawer of my desk. I had wanted to tell the story of the diaries for their historical value and also as a tribute to my Api, who loved me and played with me, who taught me Latin, and showed me how to build a kite. I had not fore seen that this supposed tribute to him would lead to a painful reevaluation of my family, my life, and my nationality.
Until then, I had thought of myself as not so much a victim of war but a lucky survivor. Although I had heard about the bombings where we lost everything and about the hunger in that cruel winter after the war, it was all mainly stories for me. I have preserved from that time a love for potatoes with salt, but no scars. I never knew my father, but then, many of my classmates were fatherless. There were two million of us half orphans in Germany.
As a small child, I was moved from place to place. A symptom of my itinerant existence is that, originally baptized Protestant in Berlin, I was rebaptized and confirmed Catholic in Vienna, and 9 10 Gabrielle Robinson eventually Protestant again in northern Germany. Out of necessity, I learned to fit in anywhere, and our family’s social standing gave me, despite initial poverty, a good start in life. And then, for five years until his death, Api gave me a stable home.
After Api died in 1955, my transitory life began again: a boarding school on the Baltic; summers with an aunt in Munich or wherever Nyussi happened to be. When my mother remarried, I lived with her and my stepfather in Darmstadt, where I graduated from the gymna sium in 1962. Then we emigrated to the United States.
All along, the silence about the Nazi regime endured and I did not feel implicated in any of it. Of course, I was aware of the atrocities of the concentration camps. I had seen pictures and documentaries of the six million murdered Jews—the emaciated bodies; the heaps of bones, hair, teeth; men, women, and children crowded into cattle cars, deported to their deaths in gas chambers. I often could not bear to look at the images on the screen and have never visited any of the concentration camps. The German mood of the 1950s helped me in this escape from reality—everyone just wanted to forget this ever happened in our country. But I am afraid that to this day I have tried to avoid direct confrontation with the Holocaust. Even as recently as 2005, I walked out of Roman Polanski’s movie The Pianist. Mike and I were watching the film together with a Polish couple, when I became ever more frantic at the powerful images of suffering in a concentration camp. Before I knew what I was doing, I rushed out of the theater. I could not bring myself to return and waited numbly in the lobby until the movie was over.
Living in the United States, I felt the burden of having to admit my German background. I tried to hide it and silently agreed when people pegged me as Scandinavian. I often claimed to be Austrian, but that hardly improved the situation. When I was a graduate stu dent at Columbia University in 1965, a fellow student told me with a smile, “You know, you made soap out of my aunt.” He saw it as Api’s Berlin Diaries 11 a clever opening line, but I could only run away horrified. And yet even that did not make me reflect on German guilt. For the burden of my German origins was not so much the result of guilt as of embar rassment. I felt a little like Emperor Otto III in Dr. Faustus, who, in T homas Mann’s words, “was a prize specimen of German self-contempt and had all his life been ashamed of being German.” I have read somewhere that it is easy to avoid the patriotism that shows itself in a foolish national pride, but much harder to give up the kind that makes you feel ashamed for your country.
However, the discovery of Api’s Nazi membership hit much closer to home. Now at last I had to confront the guilt that people thought I should have felt when I was twenty. Sins of the fathers and grandfathers, going back generations, suddenly made sense. I knew little of my grandfather’s life before the war and nothing about the reasons why he joined the Nazi Party. But now I felt implicated in the horrors of the Hitler regime and thought that I may well have survived because of his membership.
I asked myself how I would have acted if I had lived at that time. It is impossible to judge from a distance, and I could not come close to imagining what it must have been like to live under a brutal total itarian regime, cut off from the outside world. Even listening to the BBC on the radio could bring a death sentence. What choice did most people have but to watch the crimes of the government in paralyzed horror while trying to carve out their own lives as best they could? As Ian Kershaw, whose fascinating accounts of the Nazi era I was soon to discover, notes, “Passivity and cooperation—however sullen and resentful—were the most human of responses in such a situation.”
Then, more than a year and a half later, on the first balmy spring day, Mike and I drove to St. Joseph, Michigan, to have breakfast at Tozzi’s, our favorite coffeehouse near Lake Michigan. Although the f ields were still brown and the trees bare, the sky was washed a transparent blue and the sun was hot on our faces. When we entered the 12 Gabrielle Robinson little café, it was empty except for a group of middle-aged women in one corner who were celebrating a birthday. Suddenly, unexpectedly, my secret came out. As soon as Mike and I sat down, the whole story just spilled forth, together with my tears.
“My grandfather was a member of the Nazi Party. Of course, I cannot publish the diary. It’s a betrayal of the grandfather I loved. I am silenced by shame.” I further thought that it was a betrayal not only of a grandfather long dead, but also of my son, Benedict. I remember our looking at an old picture album when he was a teenager. He was shocked to spot my father and grandfather in Nazi air force and army uniforms with little swastikas on their badges. Brought up in the United States, he had seen these uniforms only in f ilms, worn by the enemy, brutal Nazi men. He had not expected to see them on members of his own family.
At that moment, I fully sympathized with a cousin of historian Edward Ball, who responded angrily to Ball’s project of writing about the slaves their family had owned and in the process uncovering the many cruelties and crimes that were part of that heritage: “To do this is to condemn your ancestors! You’re going to dig up my grandfather and hang him!” He seemed to be speaking for me.
As I surreptitiously wiped away tears with my Tozzi’s napkin, hoping the birthday women would not notice, Mike insisted, “Now you really have to write your story and the story of the diary. I thought it interesting before, but this makes it much more complex and significant. You can either walk away from this or come to terms with it. It may be more convenient to ignore history than to confront it. But it is also more dangerous and no help for the future. We need to understand how ordinary people get caught up in totalitarian regimes. We need to understand the human condition in a richer and more nuanced fashion. You have to write about this. You have to get started.”
For weeks I returned to that conversation and eventually followed Api’s Berlin Diaries 13 Mike’s advice. I dug out the diaries from my desk drawer. Although I still had doubts about releasing Api’s story to public scrutiny, I thought that after all he might approve. He treasured these diaries and often mentioned that he hoped they would be read. He was thinking of us and talking to us, but he also was aware of them as historical documents, and they were carefully crafted. In times of particular danger, he made certain that the diaries were in safe hands, once with the minister of his church that lay in rubble, another time with the head nurse at the North Sanatorium where he worked. Therefore, I told myself, I had some reason to hope that this story, written with love, complied with my grandfather’s wishes.
Nautilus Silver in Memoir
Eric Hoffer Finalist in Memoir
Montaigne Medal Finalist
Bio
Peter Ringenberg Photography 2019
Robinson’s interest in the historical context of our lives is rooted in her own experience. Born in Berlin in 1942, her family fled the city in 1945, the beginning of a string of migrations. After a PhD from the University of London, Robinson taught at universities in the US and abroad until her retirement. She has published eight books and dozens of articles on literature, history, and popular culture. Contact her at https://www.gabriellerobinson.com/contact.
RECENT BOOKS
Api’s Berlin Diaries. My Quest to understand My Grandfather’s Nazi Past. She Writes Press, 2020.
Better Homes of South Bend : An American Story of Courage. History Press, Charleston, SC 2015.
TV, RADIO, Podcasts, Presentations
Presentation at Southwest Michigan Writers’ Conference 2020
40 min episode on WNYC United States of Anxiety:
Better Homes chosen for One Bar/One Book by the St. Joseph County Bar Foundation
Golden State MC Book Review Podcast with Sarah Meckler, 4.17, 2021
Robinson has won a number of awards for her writing and community engagement, including Sagamore of the Wabash (Indiana’s highest honor), South Bend Community Hall of Fame, Keys to the City of South Bend, Honorary Citizen, Arzberg, Germany
Robinson has given readings across the Midwest and Canada in libraries, bookstores, universities, galleries, synagogues, civic organizations, and book clubs.
Gabrielle Robinson https://www.gabriellerobinson.com/